Dr. Brodmann Korbinian 1909年根据皮层的形态结构划分了52个皮层区

前日，阅读韦钰老师的Blog，看到下面这段话，"在脑科学中常常把把脑皮层粗分成：额叶、颞叶、顶叶和枕叶（“知识”二册第10页）。19世纪神经科学家布罗卡(Broca)根据脑的解剖形态，把脑分成了50个区，就像门牌号码一样作为脑分区的定位标志，一直沿用至今。图中给出根据布罗卡绘制的脑的功能分区示意图。Broca区是和我们说话有关的语言区，而Wernicke区是和我们理解语言有关的脑区。"

我在韦老师的Blog上评论到“韦老师，这里有个错误，“19世纪神经科学家布罗卡(Broca)根据脑的解剖形态，把脑分成了50个区” 应该是Brodmann把脑分成了50个区. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Großhirnrinde., Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1909. ”
很快，韦老师做了回复，“我查了一下。是我弄错了。在Cognitive Neuroscience （M.S.Gazzaniga等著）第五页上。提到Brodmann在1909年根据细胞结构和排列把脑分成52个区，我对原文做了修正。”

我一看才知道自己记忆也欠准确，不是50个，而是52个。检索了相关介绍Brodmann教授这方面工作的网页，做为参考。特志。

（1）http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/brodmann.html
Brodmann, Korbinian - (b. 1868, Liggersdorf, Germany, d. 1918, Munich). M.D., University of Leipzig, 1898. His recognition that the human cortex is organized anatomically in the same way as the cortex of all other mammals enabled him to map it and to classify cortical types and layers on the basis of the morphogenesis of the cortex

Brodmann did all of his important work between 1901 and 1910 at the Neurobiological Institute in Berlin. His recognition that the human cortex is organized anatomically in the same way as the cortex of all other mammals enabled him to map it and to classify cortical types and layers on the basis of the morphogenesis of the cortex. His work culminated with the publication of Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in 1909.

（2）http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1264.html
Korbinian Brodmann

German neurologist, born November 17, 1868, Liggersdorf in Hohenzollern, W黵ttemberg; died August 22, 1918, Munich.

Associated eponyms:
Brodmann's areas
The occipital and pre-occipital area of the cerebral cortex.

Exner's area
An area of the brain just above Broca's area and anterior to the primary motor control area.



Biography:
Korbinian Brodmann studied medicine in Munich, W黵zburg, Berlin, and Freiburg im Breisgau, and received his license to practice medicine in 1895. For a year thereafter he worked in the Universit鋞s-Kinderklinik und Poliklinik in Munich with the intention of settling down as a general practitioner in the Schwarzwald.

He contracted diphtheria, however, and during the summer of 1896, whilst recuperating worked as assistant in a sanatorium for nervous diseases in Alexanderbad in Fichtelgebirge, northern Bavaria, directed by Oskar Vogt (1870-1859). Under his influence, Brodmann turned to neurology and psychiatry, and Vogt described him as having "broad scientific interests, a good gift of observation and great diligence in widening his knowledge".

He subsequently attended courses of psychiatry, neurology, and brain anatomy in Berlin, and then worked at the pathological institute in Leipzig.

Brodmann received his medical doctorate in Leipzig in 1898 with a dissertation on chronic ependymal sclerosis. 1889-1900 he assisted to Otto Ludwig Binswanger (1852-1929) at the Grossherzogliche S鋍hsische Landes-Irren-Heilanstalt in Jena. 1900-1901 he worked in the mental asylum in Frankfurt am Main, and from there moved to the institute of neurology at the University of Berlin.

In the autumn of 1901 Brodmann joined Oskar Vogt and until 1910 worked with him in the Neurobiological Laboratory in Berlin where he undertook his famous studies on comparative cytoarchitectonics of mammalian cortex. Vogt suggested to Brodmann that he undertake a systematic study of the cells of the cerebral cortex, using sections stained with the new method of Franz Nissl (1860-1919).

C閏ile (1875-1962) and Oskar Vogt were engaged on a parallel study of myeloarchitectonics, and physiological cortical stimulation. In April 1903, Brodmann and the Vogts gave a beautifully coordinated presentation, each of their own architectonic results, to the annual meeting of the German Psychiatric Society in Jena. Brodmann described the totally different cytoarchitectonic structure of the pre- and postcentral gyri in man and the sharp border between them.

Brodmann argued that the human cortex is organized anatomically in the same way as the cortex of all other mammals. He showed that the cortex in animals and humans consisted of six layers, and, on the basis of anatomical differences in these layers, he developed a numbering system which has become a standard basis for designating areas of cortex. His work culminated with the publication of Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in 1909.

Brodmann's career in Berlin was marred by the surprise rejection by the Medical Faculty of his "Habilitation" thesis on the prosimian cortex. The economic insecurity of his position at the Neurobiologisches Institut induced him to leave Berlin in 1910 and to accept a position with R. Gaupp at T黚ingen, where he was habilitated and made a titular professor in 1913. From 1910 to 1916 as assistant, then chief physician and leader of the anatomical laboratory at the psychiatric clinic.

From T黚ingen he changed for Halle in order to work as a prosector at the Landesheilanstalt Nietleben, a curative institution in Halle an der Saale. Finally, in 1918, he accepted an invitation from Munich to take over leadership of the topographical-histological department at the research centre for psychiatry. He died in 1918 of septicaemia complicating pneumonia.

"Just at the moment when he had begun to live a very happy family life and when, after years of interruption because of war work, he was able to take up his research activities again in independent and distinguished circumstances, just at the moment when his friends were looking forward to a new era of successful research from him, a devastating infection snatched him away after a short illness, on 22 August 1918".
Oskar Vogt in his biography of Brodmann,1959.


Bibliography:

• Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Principien, dargestellt auf grund des Zellenbaues.
  Leipzig, Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, 1909. 2nd edition, 1925.
  English translation by Laurence J. Garey: Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex by Korbinian Brodmann. Smith-Gordon, 1994; new impression: Imperial College Press, 1999. 

（3）http://www.korbinian-brodmann.de/english/brodmann.html

“Article reproduced by permission of the International Brain Research Organization"
Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) Laurence Garey This article began as the Introduction to my translation of Brodmann's Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex (1994), and then appeared in shorter form in IBRO News (1995). I should like to thank Professor Karl Zilles for permitting me to use Figure 3 from the C. and O. Vogt Archive, at the Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, and for helping to identify the subjects. I also acknowledge some material from the excellent website of Marc Nagel http://www.korbinian-brodmann.de/ and the support of the Brodmann Museum in Liggersdorf. In 1909 the Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag in Leipzig printed the first edition of Brodmann's famous book Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues, one of the major 'classics' of the neurological world. To this day it forms the basis for 'localisation' of function in the cerebral cortex, with Brodmann's 'areas' still widely used. Indeed, his famous 'maps' of the cerebral cortex of man, monkeys and other mammals must be among the most commonly reproduced figures in neurobiological publishing. In spite of this, few people have ever seen a copy of the book, and even fewer have actually read it! So who was Brodmann ? Korbinian Brodmann was born on 17 November 1868 in Liggersdorf, Hohenzollern, the son of a farmer . He studied medicine in Munich, Würzburg, Berlin and Freiburg, where he received his 'Approbation' in 1895, which allowed him to practise medicine throughout Germany. After this Brodmann studied at the Medical School in Lausanne in Switzerland, and then worked in the University Clinic in Munich, working under Grashey in Psychiatry, among others. His intention was to establish himself as a practitioner in the Black Forest. But he contracted diphtheria and 'convalesced' in 1896 by working as an Assistant in the Neurological Clinic in Alexanderbad then directed by Oskar Vogt. Under his influence, Brodmann decided to concentrate on neurology and psychiatry, and Vogt described him as having 'broad scientific interests, a good gift of observation and great diligence in widening his knowledge.' Vogt was preoccupied with the idea of founding an Institute for Brain Research, which finally materialised in Berlin in 1898. In order to prepare for a scientific career, Brodmann took his Doctorate in Leipzig in 1898 with a thesis on chronic ependymal sclerosis. He worked with Binswanger in the Psychiatric Clinic in Jena, and then in the Municipal Mental Asylum in Frankfurt from 1900 to 1901, where meeting Alzheimer inspired an interest in the neuroanatomical problems that occupied his further scientific career. In Autumn 1901 Brodmann joined Vogt and until 1910 worked with him in the Neurobiological Laboratory in Berlin where he undertook his famous studies on comparative cytoarchitectonics of mammalian cortex . Vogt suggested to Brodmann that he undertake a systematic study of the cells of the cerebral cortex, using sections stained with the new method of Nissl. He was also given the task of editing the Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, which he did for the rest of his life . Cécile and Oskar Vogt were engaged on a parallel study of myeloarchitectonics and physiological cortical stimulation. In April 1903, Brodmann and the Vogts gave a beautifully coordinated presentation, each of their own architectonic results, to the annual meeting of the German Psychiatric Society in Jena. Brodmann described the totally different cytoarchitectonic structure of the pre- and postcentral gyri in man and the sharp border between them. Brodmann's major results were published between 1903 and 1908 as a series of communications in the Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie. The best known is his sixth communication, of 1908, on histological localisation in the human cerebral cortex. The journal lived on as the Journal für Hirnforschung and in 1994 became the Journal of Brain Research. His communications served as a basis for his famous monograph, published in 1909, but he did not live to see its second edition in 1925. Brodmann's career in Berlin was marred by the surprise rejection by the Medical Faculty of his 'Habilitation' thesis on the prosimian cortex . So when, as Oskar Vogt admitted, the Neurobiological Laboratory did not seem to be developing as well as he had expected, in 1910 Brodmann went to work at the Psychiatric and Neurological Clinic in Tübingen. The attitude of the Berlin Faculty remains incomprehensible. In contrast, he was warmly welcomed to the Faculty of Medicine in Tübingen where he was appointed Professor. The Academy of Heidelberg also honoured his work with the award of a prize. He was very active in Tübingen: not only did he have clinical duties, but he expanded his interests to more anthropological aspects of the brain, with some emphasis on the then very popular question of differences in the brains of different human races. He even built up a Brain Research Institute himself On 1 May 1916 Brodmann took over the Prosectorship at the Nietleben Mental Asylum in Halle. For the first time he was assured of reasonable material security and here he met Margarete Francke became his wife on 3 April 1917. In 1918 their daughter Ilse was born. During his time in Berlin Brodmann had lectured in postgraduate courses in Munich organised by Kraepelin who anticipated an important contribution to neuroanatomical research from architectonics and neurohistology. Brodmann received a prestigious appointment to Kraepelin's newly formed Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich in 1918 and took charge of the Department of Topographical Anatomy. Nissl also joined the Institute, and thus began a harmonious collaboration between the two great neuroanatomists, although Brodmann was only to live for less than a year. On 17 August 1918, he developed what seemed to be a simple influenza, but after a few days signs of septicaemia appeared. It is thought that an old infection that he had contracted during an autopsy some time earlier had flared up. Brodmann was normally very strong and healthy, and even saw his illness as a way of catching up a backlog of work. He seemed not to suspect that this was not to be. One day he was seen to be making writing motions on his bed with his finger, before sinking back, dead. In his biography of Brodmann, Vogt wrote in 1959: 'Just at the moment when he had begun to live a very happy family life and when, after years of interruption because of war work, he was able to take up his research activities again in independent and distinguished circumstances, just at the moment when his friends were looking forward to a new era of successful research from him, a devastating infection snatched him away after a short illness, on 22 August 1918.' Kraepelin declared at Brodmann's graveside that science had lost an inspired researcher . Before Brodmann, the greatest confusion had reigned concerning the laminar structure of the cortex. In 1858, Meynert's pupil, Berlin, gave a first description of the six layers of the human isocortex as distinguished by variations in cell size and type. Brodmann refined and extended these observations, integrating ideas on phylogenetic and ontogenetic influences with his theories of adult cortical structure, function and even pathology. In 1905 Campbell's major work entitled Histological studies on the localisation of cerebral function appeared. However, in 1953 von Bonin commented that Campbell's division of the primate brain was not as 'fine as those of the German school', referring particularly to the work of Brodmann. Several authors had produced studies on individual human cortical areas. They include Bolton (1900) on the visual cortex and Cajal between 1900 and 1906 on several areas. In particular, Brodmann had little respect for Cajal's or Haller's 'erroneous' views on cortical lamination (see Favourite Sentence, number 1, below). The basis of Brodmann's cortical localisation is its subdivision into 'areas' with similar cellular and laminar structure. He compared localisation in the human cortex with that in a number of other mammals, including primates, rodents and marsupials. In man, he distinguished 47 areas, each carrying an individual number, and some being further subdivided. The Vogts described some four times as many areas from their myeloarchitectonic work. Later work was to a great extent elaboration of Brodmann's observations. In the cytoarchitectonic atlas published by von Economo and Koskinas in 1925, Brodmann's numbers were replaced by letters. In 1962 Hassler commented that 'von Economo and Koskinas describe almost exclusively Brodmann's cortical areas ... there is therefore no justification for replacing Brodmann's numbers.' Bailey and von Bonin (1951) were among the few people to accept von Economo's parcellation; they criticised Brodmann and the Vogts, and only differentiated some 19 areas themselves. Others, including Kleist (1934) and Lashley and Clark (1946), were also against a too vigorous subdivision of the cortex. However, since then a number of atlases have appeared, essentially vindicating Brodmann's view, among which is that of Sarkissov and his colleagues in 1955. Modern experimental methods have supported cortical localisation, both anatomical and functional. One need only consider the exquisite correspondence found in the visual and somatosensory systems between individual cortical areas and subtle variations in physiological function (Powell and Mountcastle, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962, 1977). For an anatomist, it is gratifying to read Brodmann's uncompromising views on the importance of structure in structural-functional relationships (see Favourite Sentence, number 2, below). In many cases Brodmann's areas have been further subdivided, but no major objections to his pioneering work have been upheld for long. On reading his Localisation, one is struck by the many forward-looking references to concepts and techniques that emerged only much later, such as multiple representations of functional areas, the chemical anatomy of the brain, and ultrastructure (see Favourite Sentence, number 3, below). What might Brodmann have discovered if he had lived beyond the age of 49? Laurence Garey Professor of Anatomy

 

发布于10月26日 20:26 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(2527) | 我的文章

Center for Brain Research Medical University of Vienna

Center for Brain Research
Medical University of Vienna / Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria

稽古轩主按：维也纳大学医学院的脑研究中心的有关语言处理过程中EEG研究相干，参阅下列资料，并深入阅读这里发表的有关论文。更详细资料参加http://www.univie.ac.at/cognitiveneuroscience/ （The Cognitive Neuroscience Group ； The professional sphere of activity of the Cognitive Neuroscience Group essentially concerns cognitive information processing in the brain and analysis of neurophysiological signals (EEG). ）
 

Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S. & Schack, B. (2000). Coherence and phase relations between EEG traces recorded from different locations. In: R. Miller (Ed.). Time and the Brain. Conceptual Advances in Brain Research Series. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 297-330.

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Summary:

This contribution deals with EEG coherence and phase analyses using two different techniques. First, Fourier transform was applied to compute cross spectra between pairs of electrode signals of EEG trials of constant length. The cross spectra of a number of trials were averaged yielding coherence and phase spectra representing the mean properties within the length of the trials, usually 1 or 2 seconds. Second, an adaptive autoregressive-moving-average (ARMA) model was used to compute instantaneous coherence and phase values with a time resolution in the Millisecond range.

In the first experiment EEG was recorded during auditory presentation of concrete and abstract nouns. 19 right-handed female native German speakers participated. The main coherence results using the Fourier approach relate to the Alpha1 band (8-10 Hz) and the Beta1 band (13-18 Hz). In the Alpha1 band both word classes revealed about the same changes during word processing suggesting that this band reflects processes common to both word classes. In contrast, in the Beta1 band clear differences were found. These differences mainly concern the involvement of visual and frontal association areas probably due to visual images evoked by the concrete nouns.

The second experiment was conducted with 25 right-handed females. Concrete and abstract nouns were presented auditorily but also visually. The main coherence results using the Fourier approach revealed that the Alpha1 band is sensitive to the modality of stimulus presentation but does not distinguish between the memorisation of abstract and concrete nouns. In contrast, stimulus modality independent coherence differences were found in the Delta, Theta and Beta1 bands.

Measurement of time relations, i.e. studies of the direction of information transfer, was made using both, the Fourier approach for time intervals and the ARMA approach at time instants during the memorisation of nouns. Due to the highly dynamic process with changing directions of information transfer the Fourier approach based on 1 s trials after stimulus onset yielded only very coarse estimations of the time relations during word processing. The short lasting properties during word processing were smeared and to a great extend extinguished. In single subject studies, the ARMA approach clearly demonstrated an occipital-frontal information transfer in the Beta1 band for the visual stimulus presentation. During auditory stimulus presentation temporal sites tended to lead occipital sites but there was also a trend of occipital sites to lead central and left frontal sites.

  

 

Selected Readings of Prof. Weiss and Rappelsberger

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Sabine Weiss

• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M., Schack, B., King, J.W., Kutas, M., Rappelsberger, P. (2005). Increased neuronal synchronization accompanying sentence comprehension. International Journal of Psychophysiology 57: 129-141.
• Schack, B. & Weiss, S. (2005). Quantification of phase synchronization phenomena and their importance for verbal memory processes. Biological Cybernetics 92: 275-287.
• Hemmelmann, C., Horn, M., Süsse, T., Vollandt, R. & Weiss, S. (2004). Multiple Tests for the evaluation of high-dimensional EEG data during memory encoding. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 142: 209-217..
• Hemmelmann, C., Horn, M., Reiterer, S., Schack, B., Süsse, T. & Weiss, S. (2004). Multivariate tests for the evaluation of high-dimensional EEG data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 139: 111-120.
• Meinicke, P. , Hermann, T., Bekel, H., Müller, H.M., Weiss, S. & Ritter, H. (2004). Identification of Discriminative Features in the EEG. Journal of Intelligent Data Analysis 8: 97-107.
• Schack, B. & Weiss, S. (2003). Phase synchronization - A mechanism for neural integration for event-related potentials. Biomedizinische Technik 48 (1): 150-153.
• Schack, B. & Weiss, S. (2003). Event-related phase coupling phenomena during verbal memory encoding. Brain Topography 15, p.201. 
• Schack, B., Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2003). Cerebral information transfer during word processing: Where and when does it occur and how fast is it? Human Brain Mapping 19: 18-36.
• Weiss, S. & Müller, H.M. (2003). The contribution of EEG coherence to the investigation of language. Brain and Language 85: 325-343.
• Weiss, S. & Müller, H.M. (2003). Neuronal synchronization accompanying memory processing. Commentary on Ruchkin, D., Grafman, J., Cameron, K., Berndt, R.S.: "Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory". Behavioral Brain Sciences 26: 759-760.
• Weiss, S. & Schack, B. (2003). Transient networks of information transfer during the processing of concrete and abstract nouns. In: F. Schmalhofer, R.M. Young & G. Katz, Proceedings of "The European Cognitive Science Conference 2003". Laurence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 361-366.
• Hermann, T., Meinicke, P., Bekel, H., Ritter, H., Müller, H., & Weiss, S. (2002). Sonification for EEG data analysis. In: Proc. of the 8th Int. Conf. on auditory display .Int. Community for Auditory Display. Kyoto, Japan,  pp. 37-41.
• Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P., Vath, N., Weiss, S., Möller,E., Grießbach, G & Witte, H. (2001). EEG frequency and phase coupling during human information processing. Methods of Information in Medicine, 40: 106-111.
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M., King, J.W., Kutas, M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2001). EEG-coherence analysis of naturally spoken English relative clauses. Brain Topography 13: 317.
• Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P., Anders, C., Weiss, S. & Möller, E. (2000). Quantification of synchronization processes by coherence and phase and its application in analysis of electrophysiological signals. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 10: 2565-2586.
• Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P (2000). Long-range EEG synchronization during word encoding correlates with successful memory performance. Cognitive Brain Research 9: 299-312.
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M. & Rappelsberger P. (2000). Theta synchronisation predicts efficient memory encoding of concrete and abstract nouns. NeuroReport 11: 2357-2361.
• Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S. & Schack, B. (2000). Coherence and phase relations between EEG traces recorded from different locations. In: R. Miller (Ed.). Time and the Brain, Conceptual Advances in Brain Research Series. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 297-330.
• Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S. & Möller, E. (1999). Adaptive phase estimation and its application in EEG analysis of word processing. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 93: 49-59.
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M. & Rappelsberger P. (1999). Processing concepts and scenarios: Electrophysiological findings on language representation. In: A. Riegler, M.Peschl & Stein, A.v. (Eds.). Understanding representation in cognitive sciences. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 237-245.
• Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger P. (1998). Left frontal EEG coherence reflects modality independent language processes. Brain Topography 11: 33-42.
• Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger P. (1997). Modality specific and semantic processes during language comprehension are reflected within different frequency bands: A topographic EEG coherence study. Biomedizinische Technik 42: 174-177.
• Schack, B. Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (1996). Dynamic topographic methods of coherence analysis of cognitive processes. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 34: 207-208.
• Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger P. (1996). EEG coherences within the 13-18 Hz band as correlates of a distinct lexical organization of concrete and abstract nouns in humans. Neuroscience Letters 209: 17-20.

 

Peter Rappelsberger

• Schack, B., Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P. (2003). Cerebral information transfer during word processing: Where and when does it occur and how fast is it? Human Brain Mapping 19, 18-36.
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M., King, J.W., Kutas, M., Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P. (2002). Theta and beta synchronization reflect different processes during language comprehension. International Journal of Psychophysiology 45 : 45.
• Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P., Vath, N., Weiss, S., Möller,E., Grießbach, G & Witte, H. (2001). EEG frequency and phase coupling during human information processing. Methods of Information in Medicine, 40:106-111.
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M., King, J.W., Kutas, M. & Rappelsberger, P. (2001). EEG-coherence analysis of naturally spoken English relative clauses. Brain Topography 13: 317.
• Rappelsberger P. (2000) . EEG coherence analysis: a method to visualise functional connections. In B.Saletu, F.Krijzer, G.Ferber, O.Anderer (Eds.): Electrophysiological Brain Research in Preclinical and clinical Pharmacology and Related Fields - An Update: Facultas Universitätsverlag Wien, pp 33-44. 
• Schack, B., Rappelsberger, P., Anders, C., Weiss, S. & Möller, E. (2000). Quantification of synchronization processes by coherence and phase and its application in analysis of electrophysiological signals. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 10: 2565-2586. 
• Rappelsberger, P., Schack, B., Weiss, S. & Möller, E. (2000). Instantaneous EEG coherence and phase analysis during word processing. Österreichische Gesellschaft für Artificial Intelligence-Journal 19: 16-21. 
• Weiss, S. & Rappelsberger, P (2000). Long-range EEG synchronization during word encoding correlates with successful memory performance. Cognitive Brain Research 9: 299-312. 
• Weiss, S., Müller, H.M. & Rappelsberger P. (2000). Theta synchronisation predicts efficient memory encoding of concrete and abstract nouns. NeuroReport, 11: 2357-2361. 
• Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S. & Schack, B. (2000). Coherence and phase relations between EEG traces recorded from different locations. In: R. Miller (Ed.). Time and the Brain, Conceptual Advances in Brain Research Series. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 297-330. 
• Schack, B, Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S., & Möller, E. (2000). EEG phase and frequency coupling during word processing. Brain Topography, 12: 294. 
• Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S. & Schack, B. (2000). Coherence and phase relations between EEG traces recorded from different locations. In: R. Miller (Ed.). Time and the Brain, Conceptual Advances in Brain Research Series. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 297-330. 
• Schack, B, Rappelsberger, P., Weiss, S., & Möller, E. (2000). EEG phase and frequency coupling during word processing. Brain Topography, 12: 294.

Research Program

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"Functional Cortical Networks during Language Comprehension"

Sabine Weiss

Hertha Firnberg Project T127, supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF).

Main purpose of this project is the examination of the neuronal basis of language processing at the word and sentence level. Electric brain activity (EEG) shall be recorded during different language comprehension tasks and spectral analysis shall be applied. Particular emphasis is laid on the investigation of properties and meaning of coherence patterns within special frequency bands of the EEG. Previous results showed that coherence accompanying language processing considerably changes with respect to the frequency bands investigated. Coherence is a frequency-domain measure of similarity between EEG signals and reflects the degree of functional cooperation between neuronal substrates underlying the generation of those signals. In the light of current neurobiological theories knowledge about cortical synchronisation and information transfer is necessary for an adequate characterisation of cognitive brain functioning. The chosen methods for spectral analysis of the data are Fourier transform and the application of an adaptive fit of bivariate autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models which complement the data obtained by Fourier transform due to improved time and frequency resolution. In close cooperation with Bärbel Schack (University of Jena, Gemany) and Horst M. Müller (University of Bielefeld, Germany) an adaptive fit of bivariate autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models shall be applied to the data in order to obtain improved temporal and frequency resolution.

Beside basic research on the relation between brain function, cognition and language processing the results of these experiments can be applied in different fields of Medicine, Linguistics and Cognitive Science. As an example results can be applied to the treatment of disturbed language acquisition in children (L1) and to the improvement of second language acquisition (L2). Furthermore, aphasic syndromes may be better understood and therapy may be improved. Moreover, findings on language comprehension can be used for implementation in artificial communicators by members of the SFB 360 "Situierte künstliche Kommunikatoren" (University of Bielefeld).

Start: August 2001
End: February 2006

 

"A New Standard for Integrating Polygraphic Sleep Recordings into a Comprehensive Model of Human Sleep and Its Validation in Sleep Disorders."

Peter Rappelsberger

This is part of the SIESTA - BIOMED 2 shared cost project of the European Commission - Biomed-2 PL962040. The project was conducted by Univ.Doz.Dipl.Ing.Dr.G.Dorffner , Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence. This project aimed at extensive novel research on the architecture of nocturnal human sleep, as well as the development and evaluation of advanced methods for sleep analysis, based on polygraphic measurements, most prominently electrocencephalography (EEG). The main need for a novel standard of modeling sleep comes from the limits of the only widely accepted standard -- a sleep manual according to Rechtschaffen & Kales -- and the increasing dissatisfaction with it among clinicians.

Start: September 1997
End: 2001
Continuation by a private company www.thesiestagroup.com
Brief Overview

 

"Synchronisation and Timerelation between Cortical Regions during Memory Processes."

Werner Chromecek

The aim of my study is to explore the electrophysiological processes during the encoding and memorisation of digits and numbers. Main emphasis is laid on the time dependence and time course of the processes within and between different cortical regions. Furthermore, differences between good and poor memory performers are investigated. Participants were selected according to the results of a sub-test taken from an established intelligence-test due to good and poor memory. EEG of 18 female participants was recorded while they had to memorize digits and numbers. Stimuli were presented in four blocks and had to be recalled immediately after presentation.
In the Delta band subjects with good memory show higher coherence between frontal and parietal leads than subjects with poor memory. Furthermore, subjects show less higher coherence in the fourth trial than in the first trial. This difference is bigger in the group of bad performers than in the group of good performers. Since coherence may be considered as a measure for functional relationships between different cortical regions, the results may be interpreted that good performers seem to find an "ideal neuronal strategy". Moreover, they find this within shorter time than poor performers.

End: February 2006

 

" EEG-Coherence Analysis of Emotional Processing"

Julia Waldmüller

Recent studies have demonstrated that during the presentation of emotional stimuli (regardless of various induction methods) cortical areas are activated specifically (Davidson, 1995; Morris et al. 1998). These studies used different analysis methods to investigate the location of emotional processing. The aim of this study is to explore emotional processing using validated picture stimuli and word material analysed by EEG-coherence using FFT and ARMA (AutoRegressive-Moving-Average) techniques. These methods are used to investigate functionally connected cortical areas during emotional processing that constitute the basis of a dynamic emotion model/theory.

The EEG of 20 subjects is recorded during the presentation of both affective and emotionally neutral slides and words. Each subject is tested on a structural and an emotion-focussed processing task. Subjects' attention is directed either to a structural feature (estimating the number of people or letters) of the stimulus or to an emotional content of the stimulus. An expected effect could be that there are differences in cortical activity patterns due to presentation of emotional and non-emotional stimuli during the emotional task. It is also expected that there are differences in cortical activity patterns due to presentation of emotional and non-emotional stimuli when subjects' attention is directed to the structural feature (estimating).

End: February 2006

 

"Electrophysiological Correlates in Complex Mental Processes: An EEG and Coherence Study."

Birgit Alexe

The experimental material is a test (TEKODE, 1997), designed to evoke "complexity of thinking" during the performance of a task, which demands distinctive cognitive abilities, such as verbal, spatial, formal-logical and creative thinking. It is assumed that these different properties have to be integrated in a complex manner for the successful mastery of the performance.

The positive outcome underlying these complex thinking processes will be studied by EEG-coherence-analysis (international electrode 10-20 system). The experimental plan includes males and females of specialised professions, 18 cases in total. Most emphasis is put on how interactions between different brain areas take place and whether there are relationships with respect to the personality. Apart from this we are interested in recognizing eventual general cognitive operating strategies during information processing. We hope that the results will shed some light on human problem-solving abilities.

End: February 2006

 

"Electrophysiological Correlates of visual categorization."

Herwig Kopp

Recent work (diploma) involves research with EEG concerning visual categorization by the means of coherent brain activity and philosophical implications triggered by this experiment - as well vice versa - old philosophical questions which can be reexamined by the method of experimental science: Why do we recognize a cow as a cow and not as a chair?

End: February 2006

发布于10月26日 19:14 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(827) | 我的文章

Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918)

转自http://www.korbinian-brodmann.de/english/brodmann.html  仅供个人阅读之用。

“Article reproduced by permission of the International Brain Research Organization"
Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) Laurence Garey This article began as the Introduction to my translation of Brodmann's Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex (1994), and then appeared in shorter form in IBRO News (1995). I should like to thank Professor Karl Zilles for permitting me to use Figure 3 from the C. and O. Vogt Archive, at the Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, and for helping to identify the subjects. I also acknowledge some material from the excellent website of Marc Nagel http://www.korbinian-brodmann.de/ and the support of the Brodmann Museum in Liggersdorf. In 1909 the Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag in Leipzig printed the first edition of Brodmann's famous book Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues, one of the major 'classics' of the neurological world. To this day it forms the basis for 'localisation' of function in the cerebral cortex, with Brodmann's 'areas' still widely used. Indeed, his famous 'maps' of the cerebral cortex of man, monkeys and other mammals must be among the most commonly reproduced figures in neurobiological publishing. In spite of this, few people have ever seen a copy of the book, and even fewer have actually read it! So who was Brodmann ? Korbinian Brodmann was born on 17 November 1868 in Liggersdorf, Hohenzollern, the son of a farmer . He studied medicine in Munich, Würzburg, Berlin and Freiburg, where he received his 'Approbation' in 1895, which allowed him to practise medicine throughout Germany. After this Brodmann studied at the Medical School in Lausanne in Switzerland, and then worked in the University Clinic in Munich, working under Grashey in Psychiatry, among others. His intention was to establish himself as a practitioner in the Black Forest. But he contracted diphtheria and 'convalesced' in 1896 by working as an Assistant in the Neurological Clinic in Alexanderbad then directed by Oskar Vogt. Under his influence, Brodmann decided to concentrate on neurology and psychiatry, and Vogt described him as having 'broad scientific interests, a good gift of observation and great diligence in widening his knowledge.' Vogt was preoccupied with the idea of founding an Institute for Brain Research, which finally materialised in Berlin in 1898. In order to prepare for a scientific career, Brodmann took his Doctorate in Leipzig in 1898 with a thesis on chronic ependymal sclerosis. He worked with Binswanger in the Psychiatric Clinic in Jena, and then in the Municipal Mental Asylum in Frankfurt from 1900 to 1901, where meeting Alzheimer inspired an interest in the neuroanatomical problems that occupied his further scientific career. In Autumn 1901 Brodmann joined Vogt and until 1910 worked with him in the Neurobiological Laboratory in Berlin where he undertook his famous studies on comparative cytoarchitectonics of mammalian cortex . Vogt suggested to Brodmann that he undertake a systematic study of the cells of the cerebral cortex, using sections stained with the new method of Nissl. He was also given the task of editing the Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, which he did for the rest of his life . Cécile and Oskar Vogt were engaged on a parallel study of myeloarchitectonics and physiological cortical stimulation. In April 1903, Brodmann and the Vogts gave a beautifully coordinated presentation, each of their own architectonic results, to the annual meeting of the German Psychiatric Society in Jena. Brodmann described the totally different cytoarchitectonic structure of the pre- and postcentral gyri in man and the sharp border between them. Brodmann's major results were published between 1903 and 1908 as a series of communications in the Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie. The best known is his sixth communication, of 1908, on histological localisation in the human cerebral cortex. The journal lived on as the Journal für Hirnforschung and in 1994 became the Journal of Brain Research. His communications served as a basis for his famous monograph, published in 1909, but he did not live to see its second edition in 1925. Brodmann's career in Berlin was marred by the surprise rejection by the Medical Faculty of his 'Habilitation' thesis on the prosimian cortex . So when, as Oskar Vogt admitted, the Neurobiological Laboratory did not seem to be developing as well as he had expected, in 1910 Brodmann went to work at the Psychiatric and Neurological Clinic in Tübingen. The attitude of the Berlin Faculty remains incomprehensible. In contrast, he was warmly welcomed to the Faculty of Medicine in Tübingen where he was appointed Professor. The Academy of Heidelberg also honoured his work with the award of a prize. He was very active in Tübingen: not only did he have clinical duties, but he expanded his interests to more anthropological aspects of the brain, with some emphasis on the then very popular question of differences in the brains of different human races. He even built up a Brain Research Institute himself On 1 May 1916 Brodmann took over the Prosectorship at the Nietleben Mental Asylum in Halle. For the first time he was assured of reasonable material security and here he met Margarete Francke became his wife on 3 April 1917. In 1918 their daughter Ilse was born. During his time in Berlin Brodmann had lectured in postgraduate courses in Munich organised by Kraepelin who anticipated an important contribution to neuroanatomical research from architectonics and neurohistology. Brodmann received a prestigious appointment to Kraepelin's newly formed Psychiatric Research Institute in Munich in 1918 and took charge of the Department of Topographical Anatomy. Nissl also joined the Institute, and thus began a harmonious collaboration between the two great neuroanatomists, although Brodmann was only to live for less than a year. On 17 August 1918, he developed what seemed to be a simple influenza, but after a few days signs of septicaemia appeared. It is thought that an old infection that he had contracted during an autopsy some time earlier had flared up. Brodmann was normally very strong and healthy, and even saw his illness as a way of catching up a backlog of work. He seemed not to suspect that this was not to be. One day he was seen to be making writing motions on his bed with his finger, before sinking back, dead. In his biography of Brodmann, Vogt wrote in 1959: 'Just at the moment when he had begun to live a very happy family life and when, after years of interruption because of war work, he was able to take up his research activities again in independent and distinguished circumstances, just at the moment when his friends were looking forward to a new era of successful research from him, a devastating infection snatched him away after a short illness, on 22 August 1918.' Kraepelin declared at Brodmann's graveside that science had lost an inspired researcher . Before Brodmann, the greatest confusion had reigned concerning the laminar structure of the cortex. In 1858, Meynert's pupil, Berlin, gave a first description of the six layers of the human isocortex as distinguished by variations in cell size and type. Brodmann refined and extended these observations, integrating ideas on phylogenetic and ontogenetic influences with his theories of adult cortical structure, function and even pathology. In 1905 Campbell's major work entitled Histological studies on the localisation of cerebral function appeared. However, in 1953 von Bonin commented that Campbell's division of the primate brain was not as 'fine as those of the German school', referring particularly to the work of Brodmann. Several authors had produced studies on individual human cortical areas. They include Bolton (1900) on the visual cortex and Cajal between 1900 and 1906 on several areas. In particular, Brodmann had little respect for Cajal's or Haller's 'erroneous' views on cortical lamination (see Favourite Sentence, number 1, below). The basis of Brodmann's cortical localisation is its subdivision into 'areas' with similar cellular and laminar structure. He compared localisation in the human cortex with that in a number of other mammals, including primates, rodents and marsupials. In man, he distinguished 47 areas, each carrying an individual number, and some being further subdivided. The Vogts described some four times as many areas from their myeloarchitectonic work. Later work was to a great extent elaboration of Brodmann's observations. In the cytoarchitectonic atlas published by von Economo and Koskinas in 1925, Brodmann's numbers were replaced by letters. In 1962 Hassler commented that 'von Economo and Koskinas describe almost exclusively Brodmann's cortical areas ... there is therefore no justification for replacing Brodmann's numbers.' Bailey and von Bonin (1951) were among the few people to accept von Economo's parcellation; they criticised Brodmann and the Vogts, and only differentiated some 19 areas themselves. Others, including Kleist (1934) and Lashley and Clark (1946), were also against a too vigorous subdivision of the cortex. However, since then a number of atlases have appeared, essentially vindicating Brodmann's view, among which is that of Sarkissov and his colleagues in 1955. Modern experimental methods have supported cortical localisation, both anatomical and functional. One need only consider the exquisite correspondence found in the visual and somatosensory systems between individual cortical areas and subtle variations in physiological function (Powell and Mountcastle, 1959; Hubel and Wiesel, 1962, 1977). For an anatomist, it is gratifying to read Brodmann's uncompromising views on the importance of structure in structural-functional relationships (see Favourite Sentence, number 2, below). In many cases Brodmann's areas have been further subdivided, but no major objections to his pioneering work have been upheld for long. On reading his Localisation, one is struck by the many forward-looking references to concepts and techniques that emerged only much later, such as multiple representations of functional areas, the chemical anatomy of the brain, and ultrastructure (see Favourite Sentence, number 3, below). What might Brodmann have discovered if he had lived beyond the age of 49? Laurence Garey Professor of Anatomy

 

发布于10月25日 22:34 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(626) | 我的文章

专业书籍－关于脑和认知神经科学和生物医学信号处理

* Signals and Systems Analysis in Biomedical Engineering

by Robert B Northrop Bibliographic information Title Signals and Systems Analysis in Biomedical Engineering Author(s) Robert B Northrop Publisher CRC Press Publication Date 12 Mar 2003 Subject Medical / Nursing Format Hardcover Pages 402 Dimensions 6.40 x 9.36 x 1.08 in ISBN 0849315573 西文图书阅览室 R318 N877    Dreaming: An Introduction to the Science of Sleep by J Allan Hobson  Synopsis What is dreaming? In this fascinating book, Harvard researcher Allan Hobson offers an intriguing look at our nightly odyssey through the illusory world of dreams. Hobson describes how the theory of dreaming has advanced dramatically over the past fifty years, sparked by the use of EEGs in the 1950s and by recent innovations in brain imaging. We have learned, that in dreaming some areas of the brain are very active--the visual and auditory centers, for example--while others are completely shut down, including the centers for self-awareness, logic, and memory. Thus we can have visually vivid dreams, but be utterly unaware that the sequence of events or locales may be bizarre and, quite often, impossible. The book also discusses dream disorders (nightmares, night terrors, sleep walking), the possible link between dreaming and the regulation of body temperature, the effects of sleep deprivation, and much more. Dreaming offers a cutting-edge account of the most mysterious area of our mental life. Reviews "A cool outline of modern knowledge about dreams...and an explanation of what is really happening in our brains when we dream." Bibliographic information Title Dreaming Author(s) J Allan Hobson Publisher Oxford University Press Publication Date 1 Mar 2004 Subject Psychology Format Paperback Pages 184 Dimensions 5.16 x 7.66 x 0.49 in ISBN 0192804820

** Time and the Brain

edited by R. Miller

Bibliographic information Title Time and the Brain Editor(s) R. Miller Publisher Taylor & Francis Publication Date 1 Nov 2000 Format Hardcover Dimensions 7.00 x 9.75 x 1.00 in ISBN 9058230600

*** Functional Memory and Brain Oscillation: Oscillations Integrating Attention, Perception,...

by Canaan Basar-Eroglu, Erol Basar

Synopsis Memory itself is inseparable from all other brain functions and involves distributed dynamic neural processes. This book bridges the disciplines of neurophysiology, cognitive psychology, and EEG-brain dynamics to understand how the brain represents mental events that are interwoven with memory. The text presents a new study-framework that links oscillatory brain activity with the concept of dynamic memory, leading to dynamic-APLR alliance, and all brain functions. The latest volume in the Conceptual Advances in Brain Research series. Memory and Brain Dynamics is an invaluable reference for all postgraduate students, researchers, and professionals in the field of neuroscience. Bibliographic information Title Functional Memory and Brain Oscillation Author(s) Canaan Basar-Eroglu, Erol Basar Publisher Taylor & Francis Publication Date 1 Jun 2004 Subject Medical / Nursing Format Hardcover Pages 288 Dimensions 7.18 x 10.28 x 0.85 in ISBN 0415308364

Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicine

by H-N Teodorescu, L C Jain, Abraham Kandel

Synopsis Applications of Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicine and Bio-Medical Engineering provides a thorough review of state-of-the-art techniques and practices, defines and explains relevant problems, as well as provides solutions to these problems. It covers all the major fields in medicine and biomedical engineering, including imaging, prosthetics, psychology, medical equipment, diagnosis, and treatment. Bibliographic information Title Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems in Medicine Author(s) H-N Teodorescu, L C Jain, Abraham Kandel Publisher CRC Press Publication Date 30 Sep 1998 Subject Computer Bks / General Information Format Hardcover Pages 352 Dimensions 6.39 x 9.51 x 1.09 in ISBN 0849398061

**The Brain's Alpha Rhythms and the Mind

by J C Shaw

Bibliographic information Title The Brain's Alpha Rhythms and the Mind Author(s) J C Shaw Publisher Elsevier Health Sciences Publication Date 1 Jan 2003 Subject Medical / Nursing Format Hardcover Pages 337 ISBN 0444513973

* Event-Related Desynchronization

by Gert Pfurtscheller, F H Lopes Da Silva

Bibliographic information Title Event-Related Desynchronization Author(s) Gert Pfurtscheller, F H Lopes Da Silva Publisher Elsevier Health Sciences Publication Date 1 Jul 1999 Subject Medical / Nursing Format Hardcover Pages 406 ISBN 0444829997

发布于10月25日 19:42 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(1374) | 我的文章

Stochastic resonance (SR) Keiichi Kitajo's website

Keiichi Kitajo's website                  

Contact Information                         Home      Japanese

Keiichi Kitajo, Ph.D. (Kei)

Research Scientist
Lab. for Dynamics of Emergent Intelligence
RIKEN Brain Science Institute(BSI)
2-1, Hirosawa,Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198 Japan

Honorary Research Associate
Psychophysics and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (Prof. Lawrence M. Ward)Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia (UBC)
2136 West Mall, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada

E-mail kkitajo@brain.riken.jp, kitajyo@p.u-tokyo.ac.jp, kkitajo@psych.ubc.ca

Nationality Japanese

 Current Projects                            
1.Stochastic resonance (SR) within the human brain
Visual SR
Auditory SR
Crossmodal SR

2.Stochastic resonance and synchronization in the brain
SR and Large-scale Synchronization of the human brain (EEG potential and Scalp current density)

3.Higher cognitive function and Stochastic resonance
SR in multi-stable perception (attention, ambiguous figures etc..)

4.Ongoing activity and SR

Keywords
Noise, perception, synchronization, stochastic resonance, brain, EEG, Auditory steady-state response, attention

Selected Publications and Presentations (International Conferences, Journals, etc.)  Please don't hesitate to contact me if you need reprints or pdf files!

K. Kitajo, RIKEN BSI seminar. Stochastic resonance within the human brain. 2005.

K. Kitajo, K. Yamanaka, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto, Stochastic resonance in attention control. submitted

K. Kitajo, K. Yamanaka, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto, Stochastic resonance in attention switching. Proceedings of SPIE 5841: 49-56, 2005.

S. Doesburg, K. Kitajo, L. M. Ward, Gamma-band synchrony precedes switching of conscious perceptual objects in binocular rivalry. NeuroReport 16: 1139-1142, 2005.

K. Kitajo, K. Yamanaka, D. Nozaki, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto,  Frequency-specific, noise-influenced neural synchrony and detection of visual signals. submitted

K. Kitajo, K. Yamanaka, D. Nozaki, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto, Behavioral stochastic resonance is associated with large-scale synchronization of human brain activity. Proceedings of SPIE 5467:359-369, 2004.

K. Kitajo, D. Nozaki, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto, Behavioral stochastic resonance within the human brain. Physical Review Letters 90: 218103, 2003.

K. Kitajo, D. Nozaki, L. M. Ward and Y. Yamamoto, Behavioral stochastic resonance in the human brain. Fluctuations and Noise in Biological, Biophysical, and Biomedical System, Santa Fe USA ,  Proceedings of SPIE 5110: 252-261, 2003.

K. Kitajo, D. Nozaki and Y. Yamamoto, Human perception-action coupling enhanced by stochastic resonance. First SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics) Conference on Life Sciences, Boston USA ,2002.

K. Kitajo, Inter-blink interval and human cognition.　Measurements, analyses, and modeling of spontaneous rhythmicity in biosignals. ; International Scientific Research, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture: Joint Research Program on "Functional Role of Noise in Physiological Control Systems". Tokyo , Japan , 2000.

K. Kitajo, C. Fukusaki, Y. Yamamoto, H. Yano and M. Miyashita, Development of the inhibitory system in human spinal cord.　 Third World Congress of Biomechanics, Sapporo , Japan , 1998.

K. Kitajo, M. Shirayama and M. Miyashita, Elbow movement patterns predicted by means of an artificial neural network. XI th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Jyuvaskyla , Finland , 1995.

K. Kitajo M. Shirayama, and M. Miyashita Neural Networks Learning EMG-Torque Relationship during Voluntary Isometric Knee Extension. Japanese Journal of Sports Sciences. 1995.

 

Media coverage of our researches

Static on the Brain. Physical Review Focus, --30 May 2003
Eye can see better when it’s noisy. NewScientist, --7 June 2003
Virtual Journal of Biological Physics Research, Volume 5, Issue 11, -- 1 June 2003
Kyodo news -- 3 July 2003
Noise aids perception. Cern Courier, Volume 43, Number 6, 2003
Wissenschaft-online 2 June 2003
Wissenschaft.de 5 June 2003　
Scinews.ru 　
ECPLANET

Awards
Japanese Society of Biomechanics: 1994 New Investigator Award. Learning and prediction of EMG-Torque relationship using artificial neural networks.

Grant Awards
Principal Investigator, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan (2001-2002). Relationship between spontaneous eye blinking and human cognition during voluntary movement.

Principal Investigator, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan (1999-2000). Changes in visual and somato-sensory information processing during human motor learning.

Principal Investigator. Research Award of Casio Science Foundation, Japan (1999). Effect of human cognitive process on eye blinking - Development of portable measurement device for eye blinking -. 

My interests
Brain, Synchronization, Noise, Perception, Soccer football, Pumping iron, Alpine skiing

Tools
OS Linux (Turbolinux), MS Windows, Mac OS X, Unix (Solaris)
Psychophysics　
Presentation (Neurobehavioral systems)  
Psychophysics toolbox  (matlab free toolbox)　

Data anayses
Matlab, Siganl processing Toolbox, Matlab Compiler, EEGLAB
Mathematica, Gnuplot, Igor, GIMP
Miktex　Tex, TexnicCenter, SAS　　

Programming languages
C/C++, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Gawk, OpenGL, Matlab

                                                                                         　　  home

发布于10月25日 19:24 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(849) | 我的文章

《新科学家》：测量性欲的有妙招 转

《新科学家》：测量性欲的有妙招  http://cn.news.yahoo.com/051021/346/2fnmp.html
 
2005-10-21 15:14更新 来源：转载文章  第1页/共1页 << 上一页 | 下一页 >>  

性功能如何，向来没有办法度量。不过，新研究表明，监测特殊时间的脑电图可以将性欲量化。


据《新科学家》报道，以色列科学家首次找到了测量性欲的方法，但测量要求很特别。以色列科学家瓦迪说，“我们发现，性欲刺激能有效引起脑电图变化”。


瓦迪将这一方法称为“性欲计”。英国性医学会主席大卫表示，这一技术很有意思且是首次，因为迄今为止还没有任何定量测量性欲的办法。


现有30名性功能正常的人经过了测试

30名志愿者参加了相关试验，男性有14名，女性有16名。测试者使用了标准脑电图仪、耳机和电脑监控器。在志愿者收听特定的音乐和其他声音的时候，测试者则忙着捕捉他们p300（在接受声音刺激后300毫秒时）的脑电图，而这正是大脑对刺激的正常反应时间。


除了选择声音刺激外，测试者还可以任意选取一段40秒的电影剪辑，这其中有性爱、体育、自然与爱情片，看看有多少人因观看影片而心潮澎湃。结果发现，看性爱片的人，其脑电图波峰较其他人小。


之后，瓦迪还询问了每个人，性爱片对他们的“性欲唤起”作用如何。通过对照，他发现，“性欲唤起”作用越强的人，其p300峰值就越低，而且男女一样。


下一步将对性功能不良的人进行测试


瓦迪表示，下一步将对性功能不良的人进行测试，以看看这一办法的潜在应用如何。当然，这一测试对诊断病人的病情还是很有帮助。目前，他正在用这一技术来测试接受药物治疗的性功能低下者。


如果这一测试还能获得更大的成功，瓦迪希望这一办法能有更多用处，比如，定量分析性功能低下、增强性欲的药物疗效如何，甚至还可以给事故之后性欲下降者提供法律依据。


但他说，这一办法能否保证性欲的测定完全准确，现在还说不好。瓦迪表示，现在最关键的是要找到一个标准，来测量一段特定的性爱影片对观看者的刺激作用。


稽古轩主提供原文链接：

发布于10月25日 19:16 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(1000) | 我的文章

英研究发现降血压新办法：电极刺激大脑特定部位 转

英研究发现降血压新办法：电极刺激大脑特定部位 
http://cn.news.yahoo.com/051022/1303/2fnxu.html  
 
2005-10-22 09:45更新 来源：雅虎科学  第1页/共1页 << 上一页 | 下一页 >>  

据印度媒体10月22日报道，想过打开一个开关就能降低你的血压么？这不久之后也许会变成事实。英国科学家最近的一个研究发现使用电极刺激大脑的特定部位可以改变病人的血压。


这项研究发现已经发表在英国的《神经科学报道》杂志上。报告称，英国牛津大学和伦敦帝国学院的研究人员已经发现大脑中控制血压的准确部位，而医生利用深度大脑刺激将有助于高血压病人控制血压。


深度大脑刺激也就是在大脑的特定部位放置非常薄的电极，通过细微的电流来刺激大脑，它已经被用于减缓病人的痛苦，或者帮助帕金森病人更好地行走。研究人员利用15名已植入电极从而控制痛苦的病人进行了试验，他们发现血压确实可以改变，而且血压可以通过不同的刺激精确地升高或降低。


这个新发现对于不能长期吃药的高血压患者无疑是一个新治疗办法。由于电极拥有开关，使用这种方式对于治疗“姿态性血压过低”也是很有效的。


领导这项研究的科学家亚历山大-格雷称，这种治疗高血压的方式也是一种大脑手术，因此进行时也必须格外小心，它最初可能只允许对药物没有效果的病人进行治疗。目前，该研究小组正寻找其它对人体伤害不大并能刺激大脑特定部位的方法，例如使用纳米技术，而如果这种技术可行，刺激大脑降低血压的治疗方式有望吸引大量的高血压病人。(祁仁)




编辑：江枫 

发布于10月25日 19:15 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(889) | 我的文章

怎么测量大脑的聪明（转）

怎么测量大脑的聪明
转自 http://www.blogcn.com/User/polar/blog/4590351.html

评述：“怎么判断人多聪明”是一个公众性的问题。本文的研究提供一个可能的方式，用特殊任务中的大脑活动模式与智力测验的结果相关。其实，更合理的研究应该包含常态和一定任务下大脑活动的模式来衡量个体的智力。EEG,与fMRI（BOLD/ASL PERFSUION）结合很适合于这类研究，通过大量的实验来探索什么样的大脑功能活动参数能够预测人在一定智力测验中的表现和结果。研究结果可能有较大的应用和市场价值，但首先需要大量的资金资助相关的基础研究。

新闻转自： http://database.cpst.net.cn/popul/event/artic/30320070710.html　　　　　　　　　　　   
　　《自然神经科学》杂志发表了美国哈佛大学和华盛顿大学专家小组的研究报告，披露了一个新发现：人类大脑皮层、尤其是前额区域中控制注意力的神经组织就像是大脑中的“亮点”，它们的不同导致人类聪明程度的不同；“亮点”的活跃程度一方面来自于基因遗传，另一方面也与食物和教育有关。 
　　专家们的新发现基于一项智力测验，有48名志愿者参加了这项有关推理能力和解决问题能力的智力测试。当志愿者们绞尽脑汁回答问题的时候，研究人员通过仪器对其大脑进行扫描，就此揭开了人类聪明的秘密。如果人类大脑皮层、尤其是前额区域神经组织中的细胞活动积极频繁，那么此人的测试结果就远远高于他人。 

原文及摘要
 Gray JR, Chabris CF, Braver TS. Neural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence. Nat Neurosci. 2003 Mar;6(3):316-22.
  
We used an individual-differences approach to test whether general fluid intelligence (gF) is mediated by brain regions that support attentional (executive) control, including subregions of the prefrontal cortex. Forty-eight participants first completed a standard measure of gF (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices). They then performed verbal and nonverbal versions of a challenging working-memory task (three-back) while their brain activity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Trials within the three-back task varied greatly in the demand for attentional control because of differences in trial-to-trial interference. On high-interference trials specifically, participants with higher gF were more accurate and had greater event-related neural activity in several brain regions. Multiple regression analyses indicated that lateral prefrontal and parietal regions may mediate the relation between ability (gF) and performance (accuracy despite interference), providing constraints on the neural mechanisms that support gF.

发布于10月25日 19:13 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(983) | 我的文章

大脑与神经芯片（转）

大脑与神经芯片
转自 http://www.blogcn.com/User/polar/blog/4723467.html

评述：这一类研究是完全的交叉科学，需要神经科学和计算机科学的密切结合。它将开辟了脑科学应用的未来方向。
希望相关的脑科学研究能够继续低调但是踏实地前进。
希望脑科学在真正应用于人类之前，能够充分先完善技术，考虑伦理，而不是为名利出现类似克隆羊的噱头炒作。
更希望中国能够在脑科学领域跟上国外的发展。
 
德国科学家发明出“神经芯片” 
http://www.oursci.org/magazine/200302/news/040201.htm  
德国科学家日前研发出一种新型生物感应芯片，可以对生物体的神经细胞受激反应进行模拟和数据分析，从而为研究神经细胞及神经网络和脑组织的生物功能开创了新的方法。
　　据德国马普学会发布的新闻公告介绍说，该新型芯片被称为“神经芯片”，其主要功能是接收神经细胞及脑细胞等发出的电波，而后将这些数据导入计算机再进行分析处理。据介绍，该芯片为5×6毫米大小，其每平方毫米的面积上有大约16400个感应器，可以对神经原的极弱信号放大而后进行相关数据处理。每个神经细胞至少有一个感应器相对应，而每个感应器在每秒内至少可以纪录下2000个数据值。而测量不会对神经细胞造成伤害。
　　科学家介绍说，依据这些数据，他们可以对单个细胞直至整个细胞群在刺激或者特定状态下的反应进行分析。科学家表示，人脑中有着不断进行信息交换的、由数以亿计的神经细胞构成的“神经丛林”，而借助于这种新型芯片则将使人们对它们的生理功能进行更加精确的分析测定，相关新的认识将有助于揭开一些诸如阿尔茨海默症等顽疾的病理。
　　科学家还表示，对于那些受损的心肌细胞以及肿瘤细胞进行分析也是可行的。尤其是对于研发新药而言，这种神经芯片可准确进行反应测试。据悉，科学家正在研发不同用途的同类新型芯片。


修补大脑的芯片 
http://www.oursci.org/magazine/200302/news/031502.htm  
美国科学家研制出了世界上第一个用于修补动物大脑的人工器件——一块能发挥大脑内海马部位功能的硅芯片。如果确认有效，因脑部病变或受伤而无法产生新记忆的病人将能重新完整地感受生活......

发布于10月25日 19:12 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(1036) | 我的文章

《自然》学习越用功睡得越香（转）

《自然》学习越用功睡得越香
http://www.qiji.cn/news/  奇迹报道

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  新华网伦敦６月７日电（记者曹丽君）科学家７日在英国《自然》杂志网络版上报告说，经实验发现，人大脑中接受新信息的区域在夜间会产生强烈的睡眠活动，这表明睡眠对大脑整合新信息至关重要。专家评论说，这是首次证明人清醒时的行为会在睡眠阶段影响大脑的某个特定区域。

大脑进入睡眠阶段时，神经系统会产生慢波活动。科学家认为，慢波活动是深度睡眠的标志，在某种程度上体现了睡眠需求，人醒着的时间持续越长，夜晚大脑的慢波活动就越激烈。

在此次研究中，美国威斯康星麦迪逊大学科学家对志愿者进行了两组实验。首先，志愿者在日间进行一种利用鼠标操作的计算机游戏。在他们进入睡眠后，他们头皮下埋放的２５６个电极都指示出正常的慢波活动。在第二组实验中，研究人员对鼠标的操作进行了调整，这意味着志愿者必须要学会重新操作鼠标。此后的监测表明，当他们进入睡眠状态时，２５６个电极中有６个电极指示出异常激烈的慢波活动，这说明这些电极代表的大脑区域非常需要睡眠。而对不同志愿者脑波的对比显示，越是费力学习重新操作鼠标的人，睡眠时该区域的慢波活动就越激烈。

研究人员在报告中说，这６个电极代表的右脑后体壁层，该区域在人清醒时控制着眼和手协调，志愿者在白天学习操作鼠标，夜晚该区域便非常需要睡眠，而且第二天在实验中表现更好。领导这一研究的托诺尼说，是学习活动而非用脑活动引发了睡眠，这还意味着，睡眠不是简单地帮助大脑从疲劳中恢复，而是改善学习，大脑的神经回路在睡眠中发生了重新整合。

稽古轩主提供 相关阅读：
Nature: Patch of brain put to sleep

http://www.nature.com/news/2004/040531/full/040531-9.html

发布于10月25日 19:11 | 评论数(0) 阅读数(968) | 我的文章

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